In response to the invasion of the Nazis,at the age of 21,crossed into Russia,and ended up in Minsk. My father made every effort to return to Losice but the Russians had closed the border.Many displaced Jews ,as my father, were faced with a choice: denounce that you are a Polish citizen and join the Red Army,or be banished to a forced labour camp. After a brief detention in Kovel he was taken to the camp in Ukhta. The cold, insects, and the lack of food made living very difficult. He remained there until the Ander's Army was formed in 1942. He left Russia with Ander's Army to his next stop Palestine. He was transferred to the British 8th Army, and later to the Jewish Brigade until his discharge in 1946.